Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report - 2989 Words

Abstract: The goal of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin. In this experiment aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. In the reaction the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring in salicylic acid reacted with acetic anhydride to form an ester functional group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which uses the principle of†¦show more content†¦Hofmann worked for Bayer, which then named acetylsalicylic acid compound aspirin. Aspirin became commercially available in 1899 and today it is estimated that over a trillion aspirin tablets have been consumed by those in need of its cur ative effects. In this experiment aspirin was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Salicylic acid was esterfied using acetic acid and sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce acetylsalicylic acid and acetic acid. The phenol group that will attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride is the –OH group that is directly attached to the benzene since it is more basic than the –OH group attached to the carbonyl group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Sulfuric acid serves as the acid catalyst since its conjugate base is a strong deprotonating group that is necessary in order for this reaction to be reversible. The need for the strong conjugate base is the reason why other strong acids such as HCl is not used since its conjugate base Cl- is very weak compared to HSO3-. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present inShow MoreRelatedS ynthesis Of Aspirin Lab Report1101 Words   |  5 PagesExperiment 19: Synthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen The purpose of this experiment was to employ techniques to synthesize aspirin and oil of wintergreen and to purify crude aspirin via recrystallization. Additionally, techniques were learned to determine the purity of the synthesized organic molecule of acetylsalicylic acid using a back-titration method. The objectives of the experiment were achieved by synthesizing the organic molecules of acetylsalicylic acid (using salicylic acid andRead MoreSynthesis and Characterization of Aspirin Product Identity and Purity After synthesizing a1000 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis and Characterization of Aspirin Product Identity and Purity After synthesizing a chemical, especially a drug, it is important to confirm the identity and purity of the product. You will perform three tests to examine the identity and purity of the aspirin that you synthesized. One test will detect the presence of leftover salicylic acid in the synthesized aspirin and allow you to determine its concentration. 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Later in this report I will attempt to explain the significance of that organism and why I chose to conduct tests on it. I then, with the information at my disposal, conjured a hypothesis which I would test. Using the materials at hand I, to the best of my ability testedRead MoreSample Resume : Nursing Care Plan2036 Words   |  9 Pagesthe right lower lung field. Upon admission Chest X-Ray showed generalized hyperinflation and right middle and lower lobe infiltrates. Past Medical Surgical History, Pathophysiology of medical diagnoses (with APA citations) Pertinent Lab tests/ Values (with normal ranges), with dates and rationales Emphysema, pneumonia,hypertension ABG: ph 7.32; Normal range is 7.35 to 7.45 is Pa02 72; normal range is 80 to 100 mmHg PaC02 48; normal ranges is 35 to 45 mmHg HC03 24; normal range isRead MoreEssay about Osteoarthritis and the Ideal Treatment3188 Words   |  13 Pagesarthritis.org/answers/diseasecenter/oa.asp). 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Essay Classism and Its Perspective - 863 Words

Cultural perspective suggests that many first generation students â€Å"stumble upon† challenges when they get to college that make it difficult for them to take advantage of their opportunity to adjust to the campus, to learn, or to develop personally (Fulwood, (2012). These student’s backgrounds, perceptions of the unfamiliar environment and their established norms and values often clash. Taken mutually, these conditions influence satisfaction and the extent to which students take part in purposeful activities (Kuh et al. 2006). In many cases, like Billy Evans, these students may simply be ignorant of what is necessary to survive and thrive on a college campus. However, more than likely there exists a cultural factor related to that†¦show more content†¦They continue to structure society’s privilege structure; 2. As such, they maintain the foundations of power and inequality; and 3. Society is stratified along these lines† (cited in Dozier-Henry, n.d.). The argument then becomes whether first generation students need to or should be expected to conform to the existing institutional norms if they conflict with those of their personal perceptions what is right or their family values, mores and customs. This is especially true when these environmental values, conventions and traditions are perceived to be alien, opposing or hostile to their own (Kuh, Brideges, Hayek, 2006). Class and classism related factors such as social isolation, lack of culturally accepted and academic skills, and lack of support often result in withdrawal from college. Kathleen Cushman (2007), in â€Å"Facing the Culture Shock of College,† notes that many first generation college students struggle during their first year in college. When her sample of college students who were the first in their families to go to college shared their reflection on how they felt coming into a climate of fellow students from more privilege environments; many whose families had traditions of higher education as a part of their background, many of these students related feeling of intimidation and doubt about their self worth. Review of well known social researcher, Dr. William Ming Liu’s (Liu,Show MoreRelatedMovies Control: Sex and Violence1436 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieves and accepts. Research shows that the amount and realism of violence and sex in movies has skyrocketed, influencing the views of our generation. However, little to no attention is placed on the effects of movies on our views of racism, sexism, classism, and heteronormativity. Before watching a movie, you can get a general idea of how much sex and violence it will contain, in order to decide if it is appropriate for you. 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It has been so for as long as there have been people with opinions, and 1920’s America was an era full of opinions. The Great Gatsby, a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a classic tale of the Jazz Age told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a newcomerRead MoreSocial Theories of Karl Marx and Maw Weber789 Words   |  4 Pagesmany years ago. Although there are too many for us to go further in depth on, I chose to primarily focus on Racism and Classism. With the perspectives of these theorists in mind I can explain how Racism, Classism, in conjunction with Feminism are among the largest social problems human beings face in the world today. Both theorists have different theories of the social concept Classism, however they are not that much different from one another. Karl Marx utilizes the term â€Å"proletariat† to refer to theRead MoreFunctionalist Criminology And Positivist Criminology Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesis to assess how behaviour is stubborn. There are also two types of positivism that illuminate the clarification of crime and deviancy, these are known as Psychological Positivism and Biological Positivism. This thesis will reflect to what level Classism and Positivist criminology compete with to each other and assess if the two theories have any similarities. There will be different aspects which will be looked at for these theories all variables from the causes of crime, definition of crime, crimeRead MoreEssay about Book Review on â€Å"Where We Stand: Class Matters†1490 Words   |  6 PagesMatters, Bell Hooks address the issues of classism interlocking with racism, white supremacist ideology and sexism in contemporary American culture. Her arguments in this book are greatly tied to her personal experience that she moved up from working class to the upper class as she succeeds in academic life and writing many books. 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Microbiology Lab Report Free Essays

Page I – Cover sheet In the middle f the page give name and number of your microorganism In the right lower corner provide – your name – Lab section number (Biol 108-005) – Date submitted ( 4/18/2013) – the unknown tube # is 5 Page II table of result – This page will have your table of results include the following information – Name of the test – Medium used – Indicator used – your results Part III – All the test done As many pages as needed to do a complete job. n this section you are describing in detail all the tests that was done( all of the chemistry and biochemical reactions) – color change that indicates negative results with explanation which means the substrate, enzyme, products, media, indicator and negative and positive result – the enzyme that are needed for the reaction to take place – indicate what role of medium in the reaction is -what reagent is needed to identify the f inal product Part IV – discussion of Results -as many pages as needed to do a complete job this is the most important part of the report. Read We will write a custom essay sample on Microbiology Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/chapter-8-microbial-genetics/"Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Discuss in a logical and step by step how you concluded that you had a certain microorganism. If you had gram negative organism you need to explain which organisms were part of the study and how you eliminated three of them. – To convince your reader you need phrases like; – This negative result† suggested † that my organism is Proteus Vulgaris – this negative result â€Å"confirmed or Reaffirmed† that the organism is Proteus Vulgaris Part V (one page) significance of your particular organism: – Pathogenic, resident flora, or opportunist organism – Disease caused -Symptoms – Treatment – Other related information NOTE: Science writing is brief, concise and down to the point. Avoid long introductions and sentences this paper is due on the 18th which mean tomorrow at 7 am Thank you Please remember to separate each part separately also she accepts this formula too like: tryptophase Tryptoph——— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Indole Enzyme How to cite Microbiology Lab Report, Papers

Monetary Aggregate Targeting vs. Inflation Targeting the Case of the Philippines Essay Sample free essay sample

1. 1 Background of the Survey:In about all states. pecuniary authorization is governed by a cardinal bank. In some states. it is called federal modesty or modesty bank. Other states like Andorra. Monaco and North Korea do non hold a cardinal bank due to assorted grounds. The cardinal bank has ever been responsible in pull offing the nation’s money supply or its pecuniary policy through pull offing involvement rates. puting the modesty demand. and moving as a loaner of last resort to the banking sector during fiscal crisis. In the past old ages. cardinal Bankss in industrialised states have made great gait in the ordinance of pecuniary policy. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas or BSP is the cardinal bank of the Republic of the Philippines. It was established on July 3. 1993 which it took over from the Central Bank of Philippines or CBP. The BSP enjoys financial and administrative liberty from the national authorities in the chase of its mandated duties. And because the cardinal bank is the one implementing pecuniary policy. which they discuss in elaborate. the primary aim of BSP’s pecuniary policy is to advance a low and stable rising prices conducive to a balanced and sustainable economic growing. In order for the BSP to break accomplish this aim. the rising prices aiming model for pecuniary policy was adopted in January 2002 after the pecuniary sum aiming model. Under the pecuniary sum aiming. the BSP fixes money growing so as to minimise expected rising prices. However. under the current model. BSP sets pecuniary policy so that monetary value degree is non merely zero in outlook but is besides 0 regardless of latter dazes ( Gochoco-Bautista. 2001 ) . The rising prices rate of a state has ever been one of the most important economic indexs. It indicates how good the economic system is making and how good the economic system is traveling to make in the hereafter. Harmonizing to the Department of Economic Research of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( BSP ) . the BSP itself followed the pecuniary sum aiming attack to pecuniary policy in the yesteryear. This attack is based on the premise that there is a stable and predictable relationship of money and end product and rising prices. In one of the media archives of the BSP entitled â€Å"European Economists: High Marks to BSP for Clear and Comprehensive Inflation Report† in June 27. 2003. it s tated that the BSP shifted its pecuniary policy model from pecuniary sum aiming to rising prices aiming merely in January 2002. Harmonizing besides to the article. the BSP received positive feedback from assorted establishments like the Bank of England and the International Monetary Fund on its successful displacement to rising prices aiming since so. The model was changed because BSP wanted to turn to the fact that aggregative aiming did non account for the long-term effects of pecuniary policy in the economic system. The Department of Economic Research of BSP defined rising prices aiming as an attack that focuses chiefly on accomplishing monetary value stableness as the ultimate aim of pecuniary policy. It involves the proclamation of an expressed rising prices mark that the cardinal bank promises to accomplish over a given clip period. The mark rising prices rate is set and announced jointly by the BSP and the authorities through an inter-agency organic structure. The Philippines joined a long list of rising prices targeters such as Australia. Canada. Finland. Sweden. New Zealand. the United Kingdom. Israe l. Brazil. Chile and Thailand. which have moved from high rising prices to low rising prices following the successful execution of rising prices aiming in their states. The BSP. like other cardinal Bankss. recognized the of import characteristics of rising prices aiming. These are: * simple model which can. therefore. be easy understood by the populace ; * allows greater focal point on the end of monetary value stableness. which is the primary authorization of the BSP ; * advanced and recognizes that pecuniary policy actions affect rising prices with a slowdown ; * reflects a comprehensive attack to policy by taking into consideration the widest set of available information about the economic system ; * promotes transparence in the behavior of pecuniary policy through the proclamation of marks and the coverage of steps that the BPS will follow to achieve these marks. every bit good as the results of its policy determinations ; * increases the answerability of pecuniary governments to the rising prices nonsubjective since the proclaimed rising prices mark serves as a yardstick for the public presentation of the BSP. and therefore helps construct its credibleness ; and * does non depend on the premise of a stable relationship between money. end product and monetary values. and can still be implemented even when there are dazes that could weaken the relationship. This paper looks at the development of pecuniary policy in the Philippines by analyzing pecuniary sum aiming and rising prices aiming. Furthermore. this paper besides present informations of some economic indexs that may be affected by the pecuniary policy. The research worker besides analyzes these informations. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem:The research worker wants to cognize more about the differences between pecuniary sum targeting and the rising prices aiming. and would wish to cognize if the current model truly helps in bettering the country’s economic system. So. this paper will try to understand how the Philippines’ pecuniary policy is conducted today and how it differs from the mode it was conducted in the yesteryear. Furthermore. the research worker wants to turn out that the current pecuniary policy model has relevancy and is effectual given that there is a planetary fiscal crisis. 1. 3 Aims of the Survey:General Objective: To cognize the important effects of the two different pecuniary policy models to the major economic indexs in the state viz. rising prices rates. unemployment rates. GDP growing rates and reserve money Specific Aims: * To understand and explicate how pecuniary policy is conducted today comparison to how it was conducted in the past * To see how the rising prices rates differ during the period of pecuniary sum targeting and the period of rising prices aiming * To demo how rising prices rates. unemployment rates. Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) growing rates and reserve money behaved during the two periods * To compare the mark rising prices rates during the rising prices aiming period to the existent rising prices rates of the state * To cognize how the modesty money of the state behaved during the pecuniary sum aiming period and rising prices aiming period * To cognize the relevancy of the rising prices aiming given the planetary fiscal crisis 1. 4 Significance of the Survey:This portion of the paper discusses the importance of making this survey to the followers: teachers. this will supply sample in discoursing how to carry on a research survey about pecuniary policy. pecuniary sum aiming and rising prices aiming ; pupils. this will function as a footing of their acquisition ; future research workers. this will supply them informations that can assist and back up their ain researches and surveies ; and other states. this will assist them see how pecuniary sum aiming differs from rising prices aiming in the instance of the Philippines. 1. 5 Scope and Restrictions:The information in this survey cover merely the Philippines. This survey focuses chiefly on pecuniary sum aiming and rising prices aiming. In add-on. this survey besides concentrates on the rising prices rates of the Philippines under the period of the two pecuniary policy models mentioned above. specifically from twelvemonth 1993 to 2012. Furthermore. this paper besides covers the differences of the GDP growing rates and unemployment rates between the periods of pecuniary sum aiming and rising prices aiming. Last. this paper besides surveies the alterations in the modesty money of the state during the two periods. 1. 6 Hypothesiss:The undermentioned nothing hypotheses will be validated in this survey: * Ho 1: The pecuniary sum targeting has no important consequence on the rising prices rate of the Philippines. * Ho 2: The rising prices aiming has no important consequence on the rising prices rate of the Philippines. * Ho 3: The rising prices aiming has no important consequence on the planetary fiscal crisis. * Ho 4: The rising prices rates have no consequence on the unemployment rates. * Ho 5: The rising prices rates have no consequence on the GDP growing rates. * Ho 6: The rising prices rates have no consequence on the modesty money. 1. 7 Definition of Footings:The followers are the footings that are frequently used in this survey. Each of the definitions stated below are derived from official/technical beginnings: * Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( BSP ) is the cardinal bank of the Philippines * Central Bank- is the entity responsible for supervising pecuniary system for a state * Economic Growth- is a long-run enlargement of a country’s productive possible * Employment Rate- the proportion of entire figure of employed individuals to the entire figure of individuals in the labour force * GDP Growth Rate- measures how fast the economic system is turning and is goaded authorities disbursement. exports and stock list degrees * Global Financial Crisis- is a world-wide period of economic trouble experienced by markets and consumers * Inflation- is the overall general upward monetary value motion of goods and services in an economic system * Inflation Rate- is the rate of alteration of monetary values calculated on a monthly or one-year footing * Inflation Targeting ( IT ) is an economic policy in which the cardinal bank of a state estimations and makes public a projected or aim rising prices rate and so efforts to maneuver existent rising prices toward the mark through the usage of involvement rate alterations and other pecuniary tools * Monetary Aggregates- are the assorted steps of a country’s money supply * Monetary Policy- refers to the actions undertaken by a cardinal bank to act upon the handiness and cost of money and recognition to assist advance national economic ends * Reserve Money- is the money supply or the sum of money in the economic system * Unemployment Rate- per centum of employable people actively seeking work. out of the entire figure of employable people Chapter 2: Reappraisal of Re lated Literature and Surveies The dominant issues as examine in this paper was besides discussed by some other research workers. In the paper of Alex Cukierman ( 1996 ) entitled â€Å"Targeting Monetary Aggregates and Inflation in Europe† . he states that the pick between rising prices marks and pecuniary marks involves a trade-off between visibleness and controllability. His analysis reveals that rising prices marks dominate base marks when repute is high and policymakers are sufficiently patient. Furthermore. rising prices marks have the virtuousness of being focused on the concluding aim of involvement. This is peculiarly of import when the relation between money and monetary values is comparatively stable. But rising prices marks make it easier to exercise expansionary force per unit areas on the cardinal bank in order to cut down involvement rates and achieve assorted existent aims. Frederic Mishkin wrote a paper that besides evaluates the two pecuniary policy schemes which are pecuniary aiming and ri sing prices aiming. Based on his survey. the experience with pecuniary aiming suggests that although it was successful in commanding rising prices in Switzerland and particularly Germany. the particular conditions in those two states that made it work moderately good are improbable to be satisfied elsewhere. He besides stated that rising prices aiming. therefore. is more likely to take to better economic public presentation for states that choose to hold an independent domestic pecuniary policy. From the survey of Mishkin about the usage of pecuniary targeting by the United States. the United Kingdom. Canada. Germany and Switzerland. he said that utilizing the said policy can be debatable because there was instability of the relationship between pecuniary sums and rising prices and nominal income. As the consequence of this. the pecuniary targeting has either been downplayed or abandoned. A similar job of this unstable money-inflation relationship has been found in emerging market states. such as those in Latin America ( Mishkin and Savastano. 2000 ) . Mishkin besides said that pecuniary targeting has been really flexible in pattern. and a stiff attack has non been necessary to obtain good rising prices results. On the other manus. when it comes to rising prices aiming. Mishkin states things otherwise. Harmonizing to him. rising prices aiming has been successful in commanding rising prices. Based on his surveies. inflation-targeting states have been able to significantly cut down the rising prices rate from what might hold been expected given past experience. For illustration. Bernanke. Laubache. Mishkin and Posen ( 1999 ) find that rising prices remained lower after rising prices aiming started. Furthermore. Mishkin said that rising prices aiming besides weakens the effects of inflationary dazes. promotes growing and does non take to increased end product fluctuations. He said that end product and employment become high one time low rising prices degrees are achieved. Furthermore. Mishkin besides tries to indicate out that transparence and answerability are the cardinal characteristics of rising prices aiming because cardinal Bankss would be able to hold communicating to the public. Increased transparence and answerability under rising prices aiming aids advance cardinal bank independency. And because of all the statements stated. he concluded that rising prices aiming should take to better economic public presentation for states that choose to hold an independent domestic pecuniary policy. However. for it to be successful. one state should larn the lessons from past experiences. Gottschalk and Moore ( 2000 ) studied the effectivity of rising prices aiming government for Poland. They argued that rising prices aiming government could be successful in Poland with apprehension of the linkages between pecuniary policy and rising prices results and analyzed whether the requirements for this model are in topographic point. Few surveies have examined fiscal sector reforms as the indispensable pre-condition for acceptance of rising prices aiming and analyzed the readiness of India for rising prices aiming from that position ( Jha ( 2008 ) . Kannan ( 1999 ) ) . Harmonizing to Mishra. rising prices prognosiss play a cardinal function in rising prices aiming model because it is a advanced government where cardinal bank effort to command rising prices over a aiming skyline of one to two old ages. â€Å"The cardinal bank’s rising prices prognosis is so an ideal intermediate mark: it is by definition the current variable that is non correlated with the end. it is more governable than the end. and it can be made more discernible than the end. It can besides be made really crystalline. and may therefore ease the cardinal bank’s communicating with the populace and the public’s apprehension of pecuniary policy ( Svensson. 1997 ) . † Guinigundo states that big fluctuations in speed have weakened. and in some instances. interrupt down the relationship between pecuniary sums and their ultimate end variables. He claims that fiscal liberalisation in 1993 weakened the two cardinal relationships mentioned supra. He cites. in peculiar. the slowing in the rate of rising prices signifier 9 per centum in 1994 to 8. 1 per centum in 1995. despite the historically high rates of liquidness growing in 1994 and 1995. as a interruption from the yesteryear. He attributes the good rising prices public presentation in portion to provide side factors such as the favourable agricultural crop in 1994 and the casing power deficits. â€Å"With the displacement to rising prices aiming. it was observed that the outlooks channel has taken a more of import function in the transmittal of pecuniary policy in the Philippines. The enhance transparence associated with the rising prices aiming has increased policymakers’ consciousness of the importance of estimating public rising prices outlooks in the behavior of pecuniary policy. While the outlooks channel has strengthened during the rising prices aiming period. the consequence of rising prices aiming on the involvement rate channel. specifically the correlativity between the policy rate and the benchmark 91-day T-bill rate. has weakened. This grounds is consistent with rising prices aiming as a advanced model of pecuniary policy. The robust positive relationship prior to rising prices aiming may be an indicant that the policy rate so possibly more reactive to predominating fiscal developments compared to what is done under the current model ( Guinigundo ) . † Debelle and Lim ( 1999 ) examined the suitableness of rising prices aiming government for Philippines as the go outing government of base money as a nominal ground tackle for pecuniary policy was losing its ability to command rising prices in the face displacements in money demand and supply dazes. They chiefly focused on two stipulations for rising prices aiming like set uping necessary institutional substructure to construct the independency of the cardinal bank in its behavior of pecuniary policy and specifying an appropriate monetary value index and rising prices mark. Chapter 3: Model of the Study In general. pecuniary policy is exercised by the cardinal bank to act upon economic activity. It constitutes the steps and actions taken by the cardinal bank to modulate the supply of money in the economic system. Monetary policy actions of the BSP are aimed at act uponing the timing. cost and handiness of money and recognition. every bit good as other fiscal factors. for the intent of stabilising the monetary value degree. The BSP implements pecuniary policy utilizing assorted instruments to accomplish the rising prices mark set by the National Government. To contract or to spread out liquidness in the fiscal system. the BSP can make any or a combination of the undermentioned actions: * raising/reducing the BSP’s policy involvement rates ; * increasing/decreasing the modesty demand ;* encouraging/discouraging sedimentations in the particular sedimentation history ( SDA ) installation by Bankss and trust entities of BSP-supervised fiscal establishments ; * increasing/decreasing the rediscount rate on loans extended by the BSP to banking establishments on a short-run footing against eligible collaterals of banks’ borrowers ; and * straight-out sales/purchases of the BSP’s retentions of authorities securities The BSP’s primary pecuniary policy instruments are its nightlong contrary redemption ( borrowing ) rate and nightlong redemption ( imparting ) rate. A pecuniary policy model is the pecuniary authorities’ usher for carry oning pecuniary policy. It of course requires an institutional model under which pecuniary policy determinations are made and executed ( Lamberte. 2002 ) . The undermentioned factors form footing for elaborate features of a pecuniary policy model ( Fry. 2000 ) : 1. Structural differences. e. g. . the construction of the fiscal sector. types and sums of debt. openness to merchandise. trade good dependance. financial subject. etc. 2. Changing grades of indexation and other nominal rigidnesss that affect the velocity of transmittal from pecuniary policy instruments to rising prices 3. Institutional agreements and analytical restraints ( such as informations handiness ) that influence the manner in which pecuniary policy can react. Figure 1 below shows a simple and general model for the behavior of pecuniary policy. As may be gleaned from this representation. transmittal mechanism channels allow pecuniary policy to act upon or impact economic variable. Figure 1. A Simple Representation of Conducting Monetary Policy There are several types of pecuniary policy which a cardinal bank may use. One of which is pecuniary sum aiming which focuses on commanding pecuniary measures. Rapid growing of pecuniary sums serves as trigger for cardinal Bankss to increase involvement rates. because of the fright of rising prices. This scheme comprises three elements: 1 ) trust on information conveyed by a pecuniary sum to carry on pecuniary policy. 2 ) proclamation of marks for pecuniary sums. and 3 ) some answerability mechanism to prevent big and systematic divergences from the pecuniary marks ( Mishkin. 2000 ) . An advantage of base targeting is that cardinal bank has full control of the variable. However. it is less seeable or crystalline such that its effects on inflationary outlooks may be restricted to merely those with sufficient acquaintance with fiscal and pecuniary affairs ( Cukierman. 1996 ) . Under the pecuniary sum aiming. the Quantity Theory of Money can be related. This theory was foremost developed by Irving Fisher in the inter-war old ages as a basic theoretical account for the nexus between money and the general monetary value degree. It states that the alterations in money supply ( on the premise that speed is stable over clip ) are straight related to monetary value alterations or to rising prices. Therefore. it is assumed that the BSP is able to find the degree of money supply that is needed given the coveted degree of rising prices that is consistent with the economy’s growing aim. In consequence. under the pecuniary targeting model. the BSP controls rising prices indirectly by aiming money supply. In add-on. pecuniary governments wanted to turn to one of the booby traps of pecuniary targeting. i. e. . it does non account for the long and variable clip slowdown in the effects of pecuniary policy on the economic system. Under the modified model. the BSP ca n transcend the pecuniary marks every bit long as the cultural rising prices rate is kept within plan degrees. Under this modified attack. policymakers monitor a larger set of economic variables in doing determinations sing the appropriate stance of pecuniary policy. This includes motions in cardinal involvement rates. the exchange rate. domestic recognition and equity monetary values. indexs of demand and supply. and external economic conditions. among other variables. Harmonizing to Maria Socorro Gochoco-Bautista ( 2001 ) . in theory. a narrower pecuniary sum would be assumed to hold a closer nexus to rising prices. as narrow money is held chiefly for minutess intents while broader money steps partially reflect the retention of money as a shop of wealth. Gochoco-Bautista besides stated in her treatment paper that â€Å"the consequences of Guinigundo’s survey similarly imply that narrower pecuniary sums are to be preferred as marks since broader sums tend to set more easy towards equilibrium after a daze. † â€Å"His consequences imply that the growing rate of income speed is stable and. therefore. would non potentially pose a job every bit far as the dependability of pecuniary aiming accomplishing the end of monetary value stable ness. † â€Å"This means that there is a long-term relationship between money. on the one manus. and end product and involvement rates. on the other. so that even if there are dazes to the economic system. the variables will return to their tendency equilibrium degrees. † In add-on. Guchoco-Bautista ( 2001 ) besides stated that under the pecuniary sum aiming model. the pecuniary authorization holes money growing in order to cut down expected rising prices in long-term equilibrium. Another type of pecuniary policy which has gained popularity in recent old ages is rising prices aiming. The literature can come up with a batch of definitions of rising prices aiming. It is an economic policy in which a cardinal bank estimations and makes public a projected or aim rising prices rate and so efforts to maneuver existent rising prices towards the mark through the usage of involvement rate alterations and other pecuniary tools. It focuses on keeping a low degree of rising prices. that which is considered to be optimum or at least would let the state to hold ample economic growing. Its chief desire is to accomplish monetary value stableness as the ultimate terminal end of the pecuniary policy. In rising prices aiming. there are standards that were proposed by a figure of writers. Those suggested by Mishkin and Savastano are representative of those found elsewhere in the literature. These are: a public proclamation of a numerical mark for rising prices ; a committedness t o monetary value stableness as the overruling end of policy ; the usage of an information-inclusive scheme ; and the acceptance of high degrees of transparence and answerability. These standards are non really helpful in specifying this policy model because some standards are ill-defined. Harmonizing to Amato and Gerlach. the acceptance of rising prices aiming requires that an appropriate monetary value index be selected and that the exact degree of the mark be determined. The rising prices aiming is considered to be the most of import alteration in the model of pecuniary policy since the prostration of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s as it was started to be used by a figure of states ( Amato and Gerlach. 2001 ) . The trademark of the rising prices aiming as a pecuniary policy model are an expressed committedness by the cardinal bank to maintain an rising prices index near to a periodically-adjusted mark. and the usage of an rising prices prognosis as the intermediate mark for policy ( O’Connell. 2008 ) . Harmonizing besides to O’Connell ( 2008 ) . the initial experience of adoptive parents has been extremely encouraging because a careful recent empirical survey finds that the 13 emerging-market states that adopted rising prices aiming between 1997 and 2002 experienced lower and more stable rising prices subsequent to adoption– and larger betterments on both measure– than did a control group of non-targeting emerging-market states including Nigeria. and at no noticeable cost in footings of existent volatility ( Batini et al. . 2005 ) . Furthermore. the success of rising prices aiming appeared to be mostly unrelated to indexs of exchange rate government. fiscal sector hardiness. and even financial stableness ( Batini et al. . 2005 ) . In an rising prices aiming model. the cardinal bank commits to accomplishing an proclaimed numerical mark ( which is normally a figure. with specified allowable divergences. such as 2. 5 +/- ) for the rate of addition in a specified m onetary value index– normally the CPI. Table 1. Features of Inflation Targeting Agreements As indicated in Table 1. scopes are narrow among emerging-market states the mean scope is hardly above two per centum points. The system implies a committedness to convey rising prices back into scope when it moves outside. but there is a broad fluctuation in the formality of committednesss sing the clip skyline over which this is to be accomplished ( Truman. 2003 ) . The illustration ( Figure 2 ) below shows the operational guidelines that the BSP has been detecting since its execution of rising prices aiming in 2002. Figure 2. Inflation Targeting Framework The rising prices aiming tends to put greater accent on monetary value stableness in stead of stiffly keeping the intermediate pecuniary marks. This attack besides obviously reduces the hazard of pecuniary policy being either excessively tight or excessively loose. as may go on with rigorous attachment to a traditional base money plan ( Gochoco-Bautista. 2001 ) . In contrast to what Gochoco-Bautista ( 2001 ) stated about the pecuniary sum targeting. she said that under an rising prices aiming. the governments set pecuniary policy so that the monetary value degree is non merely zero regardless of ulterior dazes. The monetary value degree regulation eliminates the effects of demand perturbations. It can be shown that the monetary value degree regulation is likely to rule the money supply regulation if speed dazes are big and any weight is placed at all on the rising prices aim. If Quantity Theory of Money is related to pecuniary sum aiming. the Taylor Rule. on the other manus. is related to rising prices aiming. Taylor Rule was foremost proposed by the U. S. economic expert John B. Taylor and at the same time by Dale W. Henderson and Warwick McKibbin in 1993. It is a monetary-policy regulation that stipulates how much the cardinal bank should alter the nominal involvement rate in response to alterations in rising prices. end product. or other economic conditions. In peculiar. the regulation stipulates that for each one-percent addition in rising prices. the cardinal bank should raise the nominal involvement rate by more than one per centum point. This regulation is intended to further monetary value stableness and full employment by consistently cut downing uncertainness and increasing the credibleness of future actions by the cardinal bank. Harmonizing to Caglayan ( 2010 ) . the Taylor Rule which is often cited with its success in using rising prices aimin g in recent old ages. is defined as the cardinal banks’ control on the involvement rates in response of the prejudices between the existent and targeted values. Figure 3. Phillip’s Curve Beginning: World Wide Web. bized. co. United Kingdom Phillip’s Curve by William Phillips is shown in the figure above. It can besides be related to this survey. This curve represents the relationship between the rate of rising prices and the employment rates. William Phillips found a consistent opposite relationship: when unemployment was high. rewards increased easy ; when unemployment was low. rewards rose quickly. Harmonizing to Kevin D. Hoover. Phillips conjectures that the lower the unemployment rate. the tighter the labour market and hence. the faster the houses must raise rewards to pull scarce labour. In the instance of this survey. under the rising prices aiming. in where the rising prices is lower compared to the pecuniary sum aiming. the unemployment rate is supposed to be high. Chapter 4: Methods and Beginnings of Datas 4. 1 Methods Used:The research worker gathered relevant informations and information for the survey so the whole job will be summarized and explained in a manner that it will be easy understood. Furthermore. the research worker analyzed the information gathered through arrested development. 4. 2 Data Gathering Instruments: The research worker used secondary beginnings including text editions. cyberspace articles. intelligence cuttings. studies. diaries and the similar. 4. 3 Treatment of Datas: The survey utilized a descriptive research wherein forms and features of variables were illustrated and determined truly. This survey besides utilized a correlativity research wherein the relationship of the index variables of the survey to one another was analyzed. and thequantitative footings were described. Furthermore. this survey besides used arrested development analysis wherein the relationships between variables were estimated. In this analysis. the conditional outlook of the dependant variable given the independent variables will be estimated. Chapter 5: Presentation and Analysis of Datas The research worker gathered the statistics of rising prices rates. reserve money. unemployment rates. employment rates and GDP growing rates under the period of pecuniary sum aiming and rising prices aiming. And the informations are presented below.

John Donne Poetry Essay Example

John Donne Poetry Essay JOHN DONNE, we sometimes forget, was an Elizabethan. Scholars do well to warn us against over-simplifying the pattern of literary change into a simple succession ofmovements and reactions, and to remind us that in periods of heightened vitality developments in different directions often exist side by side. 1 By no means all of what we now consider typically Elizabethan poetry was in existence when Donne began to write. It remains true, nevertheless, that Donne chose to do something different from his predecessors and from those of his contemporaries who were still exploiting and developing the existing modes; and younger followers like. Carew looked back on this choice as revolt or form: The Muses garden with Pedantique weedes Orspred, was purgd by thee; The lazie seeds Ofservile imitation throwne away And fresh invention planted . An Elegit upon the death of the Deane of Pauls, DrJohn Donne Modem students ofrhetoric have argued that Donnes innovations did not run counter to contemporary rules,2 but even if he is to be regarded as implementing existing theoretical possibilities, his practice remains the kind ofnew departure which marks a decisive alteration in the course of literary history. In considering the nature of Donnes poetic originality, it is common to begin with his development of the metaphysical conceit. Yet there is a great deal to say on the subject ofhis verse style before broaching the topic of imagery at all. We will write a custom essay sample on John Donne Poetry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Donne Poetry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Donne Poetry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first point likely to strike the reader who comes to Donne from the smooth fluency of the average Elizabethan lyric or sonnet is the surprising directness of the speaking voice conveyed by his rhythms and diction: For Godsake hold your tongue, and let me love, Or chide my palsie, or my gout, My five gray haires, or ruind fortune ? lout, 98 THE POEMS OF JOHN DONNE With wealth your state, your minde with Arts improve. Take you a course, get you a place, Observe his honour, or his grace, Or the Kings reall, or his stamped face Contemplate, what you will, approve, So you will let me love. The Canonization Here the occasional inversions of normal speeeh-order and the fact that line 4 by itself might come from an eighteenth-century couplet hardly affect our general impression that technique and conception are essentially dramatic; the colloquial outburst of line I, the heavy stresses on palsie and gout, the contemptuous alliteration ofline 3, above all the play of an exasperated splutter of short phrases across the intricate stanza form, all impose on the reader the desired emphasis, tone, and mood. Plainly the aim here is not sweetness, grace, or verbal melody, either for its own sake or to accommodate any pQSoO sible musician who, as Donne complains in The Triple Poole, his art and voice to show Doth Set and sing my paine. It is rather a realistic expressiveness of the kind developed in the I590S by the dramatists, above all by Shakespeare, and nothing quite like it had previously appeared in lyric poetry,s in spite of certain foreshadowings in Wyatt. As in dramatic verse, the aim of realism is, of course, not absolute; whatever metrical licences are taken, the pattern ofline and stanza remains, to reinforce, modify, or generally play against the rhythms of speech with the effects of heightened intensity and concentration proper to poetry. When we speak of realistic expressiveness we use a shorthand term for the maximum of realistic expressiveness compatible with a sense of artistic form. Donnes lyrics have a music of their own, though the immediate effect is of vivid speech rather than song: Deare love, for nothing lesse than thee Would I have broke this happy dreame, It was a theame For reason, much too strong for phantasie, Therefore thou wakdst me wisely; yet 99 PART THRBB My Dreame thou brokst not, but continuedst it, Thou art so truth, that thoughts of thee suffice, To make dreams truths; and fables histories; Enter these armes, for since thou thoughtst it best, Not to dreame all my dreame, lets act the rest. The Dreame That Donne could write with a simple lyrical sweetness when he chose is shown by one or two songs to existing airs, especially Sweetest love, I do not goe, For weariness of thee, though even here his originality comes out in the careful subtlety of the poems argument. He was a conscious artist, and his avoidance of conventional fluency of movement and courtliness of diction must be assumed to be deliberate. As with the lyric stanza, so in his satires and degies with the couplet, Donne makes use oflicences similar to those ofdramatic blank verse. Always the formal devices ofpoetry metre, rhyme, alliteration, and other effects of sound are made to serve an expressive purpose; a constant control of pause, stress, and tempo works to the same end.

Rhetorical Devices in Speech Essays

Rhetorical Devices in Speech Essays Rhetorical Devices in Speech Paper Rhetorical Devices in Speech Paper How does Obama use Rhetorical Devices In his speech effectively to engage his audience? Throughout Beams speech he uses many different examples of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, personification, trial, allusion and an Inclusive pronoun. Alliteration is used effectively In Beams speech. An example would be depths of despair to the greatest heights of hope. The fact that he goes from the worst to the best corrects the listeners minds and provides an Insight Into Just how good things are going for America In Beams eyes. It proves how far theyve come ND gives the listeners hope for even greater things to come In the future. The use of the word despair suggests that there was very little hope for Americas future In the past and reinforces how bad things must have been for them. To then use the word hope suggests bigger and better things to come, it implies the listener that the best is not here yet and there is a lot more to come and although they have already came so far they are still yet to reach the greatness the country is impending. This makes the audience feel hopeful and trustful in the future for their country. Personification is also used effectively. An example of this would be we care so strongly about its future. In this example Obama is talking about America as a country and referring to it as if it is a real life person. The fact he does this gives likeness and attributes of life to the country, and makes it seem unstoppable in a way as Just like a person, America will keep moving forward and develop new ways of doing things and dealing with situations. Personification is much used in visual arts, so Obama using it in this beech works effectively as it immediately makes the audience picture America in their brains and focus on its future rather than its past. The word strongly has synonyms like able, tough, powerful and Vigorous so it seems the perfect word for Obama to use as it not only makes the people of America feel stronger and more united as a country but also makes them believe they can overcome their past and can move forward and achieve all their goals in the future. By using personification Obama animates a lifeless thing; America which creates excitement In the audience s they feel it isnt the end for Americas and again there are greater things to come. Obama also uses Triad in his speech. An example would be we believe In a generous America; In a compassionate America; In a tolerant America. This Is effective as It almost leads to a climax within the audience as each thing he lists that they believe In seems to get better and more appealing to the people. The fact he uses triad makes his message stand out more and become more memorable In the audiences minds. It allows a speaker to express a concept, emphasize It, and then make It memorable. It also makes the audience more trustworthy of Obama as a leader as It shows he doesnt have one singular goal for America and he Isnt looking to Improve lust one thing. They may feel motivated for change as Obama uses such effective words wanly all link together Ana gall almost give America a Tie as en careless ten country the same way you would a person, which may make the audience feel like one with each other and for America to be all these things they must become these things themselves. Allusion is another effective rhetorical device in Beams speech. An example of this is Tonight more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny. This works well during his speech as he is convincing America how greater things are to come regardless of the great things that have happened for the country so far. The fact he uses this allusion almost proves to the audience Just how much things may change for the good of America as long ago they couldnt even determine their own destiny this makes them believe Just how much of an impact they can have on their own future. He simplifies the idea of hang by using a well-known story to explain Just how greatly things may change for the country. This makes the audience even more hopeful and prepared for the changes to come in the future of their country. Lastly the use of inclusive pronouns works very effectively. An example would be it moves forward because of you. This implies that without the people, America would be nothing and would be at a standstill. This not only makes the audience feel worthy but also as if they all have a role to play in order to keep America together and as one. The use of the word you addresses the mass audience as though they were individuals having a one on one conversation with Obama, by doing this he keeps the whole audience engaged and interested in what he has to say. To conclude it is clear that Obama uses a variety of different rhetorical devices in order to keep his audience engaged and pleased with his speech. He uses all effectively and manages to make the mass audience still feel like an individual by his use of rhetorical devices. Each rhetorical device creates a different impact or emotion on the audience whether it be individuality, worth, important or trust.

Working Capital Management Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Working Capital Management Practices - Essay Example ernal short term financing is secured to finance the working capital however; firms also tend to tie most of their productive funds with non-productive assets. Family Dollar- One of the most growing retain chain stores in US provides low overhead, self service retail stores. Founded in 1959, in North Carolina, Family Dollar is now one of the leading retail chain stores in US with over 6000 stores operating all over the US. Family Dollar is also unique and fast growing retail chain stores in US in the sense that its success is largely driven from the ease and convenience that it offers to its customers. Family Dollar offers low prices everyday and is on its way to become one of the leading retail chain stores in US. Last five years have witnessed one of the rapid growths in the history of Family Dollar as it expanded very fast and opened more than 4000 new stores during last five years. Family Dollar’s business model is based on effective and unique branding and merchandising strategy similar to neighborhood type of stores. It has collaboration with most of the major brands of the world which not only provides an opportunity to project itself as the leading brands of the world. This paper will discuss and critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of the working capital management policies of the Family Dollar. At the end, recommendations will also be provided as to how the firm can improve its working capital policies and how these recommendations can be implemented. Working capital requirements of every organization vary depending upon the nature of the industry as well as internal dynamics of the firm. However, roughly, it is often estimated at 25 to 40% of the total assets of the firm hence indicating a substantial amount of investment into assets which are typically unproductive in nature. (Glynn, Abraham, Murphy, & Wilkinson, 2008). Typically, the difference between the current assets and current liabilities of the firm is called working capital

Do Moral Rights Adequately Protect the Author's Work against a Research Proposal

Do Moral Rights Adequately Protect the Author's Work against a Derogatory Treatment - Research Proposal Example It is important to address this issue, in order to arrive at some recommendations on how statutory limitations can be improved such that the integrity of original works is not compromised, especially within a digital environment. This research proposal, therefore, poses the question: â€Å"Do moral rights adequately protect the author’s work against a derogatory treatment?† This research proposal examines existing statutes to find out whether they provide adequate protection for an author’s moral rights. The preservation of these rights, which are the personal rights of the author, is vital to ensure that creators of original works of value and merit are not discouraged in their creative pursuits by the distortion of their works through the production of derogatory adaptations of their work. In order to adequately address the research question, this proposal includes an examination of case law and how the courts have addressed the issue of moral rights. Some comparisons are also made with international laws. Based upon the literature review and case law, it appears that UK statutory provisions are inadequate to protect an author’s moral rights and enhanced protection for moral rights is necessary, especially in a digital environment. The Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 was framed to protect the rights of an author or original creator of a creative work.1 The CDPA protects copyright and rights of authors/creators for original work where there is a high level of human skill and labor that is involved in the production of the work2, with the objective of ensuring that the creator is rewarded for his innovative efforts and hard labor by acquiring the exclusive right to economic exploitation of his work.  

E-Business Strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

E-Business Strategy - Term Paper Example The development of an e-business strategy for CitiBank is one of the areas of development which can provide more available options to those interested in the business. Introduction The development of Citibank is one which is providing for new opportunities and services to be available, all which will provide a stronger relationship to customers through the use of e-business. Citi Bank began in 1987 with a focus on providing banking solutions to customers through various financial segments. The company is organized into two main segments, one which is based on Citi Corp and the other on Citi Holdings. The Citicorp consists of the products and services with regional consumer banking first. This includes retail banking, citi – branded credit cards and Latin American asset management. There is also a segment for institutional clients, which offers services of securities and banking and transaction services. In this sector, an institution can take part in investment banking, debt a nd equity markets, lending, private equity, hedge funds, real estate, structure products, private banking and equity and fixed income research. The transaction services consist of cash management, trade services, custody and fund services, clearing services and agency / trust services. The Citi Holdings also carries two segments. The first is inclusive of brokerage and asset management and the second is based on local consumer lending as well as a special asset pool. The brands are divided by the services which individuals and institutions require, ranging from mortgages to microfinance opportunities. There are over 200 million accounts held at Citi with 160 countries and jurisdictions that are served by the corporation (Citi Bank, 2011). The different products and services which are offered by Citi Bank are further defined by the governance guidelines which work as a foundation for the bank services and products. The governance is held by a board of directors which creates a relati onship to the stakeholders, communities and managerial staff of Citi bank. The Board Members are elected by a confidential vote and are inclusive of 13-19 members that are responsible for the direction of the company. The driving force of the company is to create the ability for those who work with the bank to have access to responsible financing. This is based on the internal environment working with those in need, specifically so there is a return in responsibility for the financing. This also creates a response to value those who are using the financial services, specifically by creating relationships for specific needs and to provide services that offer alternatives for banking. The concept is followed by social responsibility, including giving to foundations, microfinancing and services that are used for asset building by individuals (Citi Bank, 2011). The approach which Citi Bank has toward financial services is one which has led it into being one of the top recognized banks g lobally. The first quarter earnings for 2011 led to a total of $3.0 billion, compared to $1.3 billion in the last quarter earnings of 2010. The earnings per share went up from $0.10 from $0.04 and the book value per share has risen by 15% from the prior year. The first quarter revenue of $19.7 billion was a profit from the last quarter by 7%. The credit losses also declined at an average of 25% from the first quarter of 2010. However, the assets have decreased,

What Is Art? Expressivism in Art

What Is Art? Expressivism in Art A definition of art would help to identify what art is in order for individuals to recognise and appreciate it, but there is controversy as to how to define art or whether art can be defined at all. It will become clear that features of what it takes to be art are not particularly simple to pinpoint. For example, the aestheticist would suggest that good art must look good, but it is not enough to say that something is art if it has the quality of being aesthetically pleasing. Beauty may apply to a large number of things that are not readily accepted as art, or on the contrary, not all art may be aesthetically pleasing at all. Furthermore, the aesthetic standard of art will only please a certain class of people. There are many conceptual definitions of art that attempt to outline the necessary and sufficient conditions required for something to be considered a work of art, though I will focus on the concept of expressivism as it proves to be the most convincing to me. I will set out to define art as understood by the expressivists Tolstoy and Collingwood, through which it will become clear that it takes much more than external features such as beauty to define art. Tolstoy makes some important contributions to the nature of expressivism, but exacerbates his views as he emphasises the significance of religion in defining art. It is here that Collingwood seems to have the edge, and the more appealing definition seems to be a combination of the benefits of both theories. I will therefore argue for the importance of having a definition of art, as although conceptual ones are tricky in themselves, it is equally as troubling to omit the use of a definition altogether. Expressivism largely deals with the fact that art connects with people via their senses. It defines art through the expression of emotion that is entailed by the artist in their artwork and the emotional impact that it has on the audience. To Tolstoy, something is art if it creates an emotional link between the artist and its audience, uniting them insomuch that the emotion portrayed through the artwork affects the viewer. It is true that every man has the capacity to receive, through hearing or sight, another mans emotions and feel those feelings himself, just as each man has the ability to affect another man through his expression of feeling, and Tolstoy infers that this is the heart of which the activity of art is based. But more specifically, the infection is characteristically indirect, in that it begins when one person, the artist, expresses through his artwork his emotion, which is communicated to the viewer through the artwork as a medium. As a simple example, Tolstoy describes a boy who encounters a wolf and feels fear. On experiencing this, he describes the experience to others in such a way as to arouse the fear that he experienced in himself and infect the avid listeners with the particular emotion. This analogy shares with art three distinct characteristics: individuality, clarity and sincerity. It is individual because it focuses specifically on one emotion, creating emphasis and increasing infection. It is clear because the emotion portrayed is pure and communicated without distraction, making it all the more infectious. Lastly, it is sincere because the stronger the artist or storyteller feels when communicating the emotion, the more infectious the feeling will be to the viewer. All three are important contributors to the quality of art, as the stronger the infection, the better is the art as art  [1]  . Tolstoy notes that many inaccurate definitions of art arise from that fact that they consider the pleasure that art gives, rather than the purpose that it serves in life and in humanity. To direct the aim of our endeavours at pleasure and to define it accordingly is like judging food based on the satisfaction of our tastes. Our taste buds are not an accurate basis for what can be universally known as good food, nor is beauty to good art. Hence, Tolstoy maintains that the concept of beauty when looking to define art simply confuses matters, and in order to define art accurately, it is necessary to avoid considering it as a means of pleasure, but rather as one of the conditions of human life that we use to interact and to communicate emotion between one another. So far, these discussions seem plausible as they allow for the objectivity of art and the basis of the definition to be intelligible and clear, rather than plainly aesthetic. Intelligent and clear expression of emotion enables us to grasp what is or is not art and maintains the meaning of art, otherwise any such expression of emotion could be defined as art and the definition steadily loses its meaning until it simply becomes a meaningless concept. But the strength of Tolstoys reasoning seems to falter at the part of the explanation that he deems most fundamental. Central to his argument, Tolstoy criticises the art of his era and infers that art had lost its true meaning to be exchanged for a counterfeit concept of art, which sought only to please those of a certain class. Real art is led by religious perception, which must be accepted in order to influence our understanding of feelings expressed through art. By religion, Tolstoy explicitly means Christianity, and it is declared that the best emotions communicated through art are those that appeal to Christian teachings of mans love for God and neighbour. Anything else, to Tolstoy, was insignificant art which aimed only at giving pleasureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (and) did not deserve such esteem and encouragement  [2]  . He likens the replacement of real art with counterfeit art to worshipping false idols in Gods place. To suggest that art has departed from religious influence and has therefore lost all meaning seems irrational and slightly hypocritical. He accuses counterfeit art of appealing only to a certain class of people, but to place a religious constraint on the value of art does not, as Tolstoy intends, unite the classes, but places exclusivity on art too. The overbearing problem here is that good art doesnt have to be religious, and rather than defining art objectively, Tolstoy seems to have defined it around his own moral and religious perspective. It seems particularly harsh to rule out those who dont conform to his own form of Christianity as being in error and thus cannot appreciate true art. As Tolstoy, Collingwoods conception of art holds that it is essentially an expression of emotion, though perhaps provides a more sophisticated account. So, as Tolstoy does, Collingwood recognises that the expression of emotion is familiar to every artist. The realisation of this emotion, however, is imminent though not discernible. The artist is conscious of feeling something though he may not immediately realise what it is, so he expresses it as a way of not oppressing it. It is not until he has expressed it, that he realises what emotion it is. Further, he lists individualisation as an important factor in the expression of emotion. There are names for the types of emotions that we experience: happiness, anger, sadness and so on, but these emotions also come in many forms. The happiness I may feel right now is different and distinct from the happiness I felt yesterday, or any other time. They are individual and not general. Collingwood illustrates this with the poet, who recognises the peculiarity of his emotions and makes efforts to individualise them by expressing them in terms that set them apart from other feelings of the same kind.  [3]  This distinguishes art from craft, craft being that which has a general aim, and however accurately attempts to describe it may be, will always be defined as the production of a thing having characteristics that could be shared by other things  [4]  . He illustrates this quite succinctly: the joiner could make a table out of specific pieces of wood, with specific measurements th at arent shared by any other table, but those factors could still, in principle, be shared by other tables. So the artist, in contrast, does not make, he creates ex nihilo. He does not aim to create an emotion in his audience but more specifically, an emotion of a certain kind. At this point, Collingwood introduces the third important contributing factor to the definition of art. To create art ex nihilo would suggest that it begins in the mind, as the artist creates the artwork as a means of expressing what he is feeling. Hence, the third factor of art is imagination. Collingwood provides an important account of pinpointing real art, as he necessitates that the role of a true artist is not to instil or arouse emotion in his audience, but to produce an artwork, so if a musician, make a tune. It is easy to think of the music as art, but this is a common mistake. The tune exists perfectly and complete when it is still imaginary in the artists head. It doesnt become real until it is played for its sound to be heard by an audience, but this is where the mistake is made. Collingwood maintains that there are two different and distinct things here and we often mistake the wrong one to be art. The music, or artwork, is not the assortment of noises played out by inst ruments, but rather the tune in the musicians head. As a result of distinguishing art from craft he upholds that expression is an activity of which there can be no technique  [5]  as unlike craft, art has no preconceived end, coinciding with Collingwoods view that the artist doesnt know what emotion he is feeling until he has expressed it. This is possibly the most troubling part of his theory as we often consider art to be a demonstration of great skill. Perhaps Tolstoy can even recognise that the artist is skilful in communicating his emotion to an audience in a way that the ordinary person cant. Good technique is consistent with helping artists express their feelings creatively, as the painter can communicate them much more effectively with the knowledge of different brush strokes to exhibit different visual effects, or the blending of different colours together to instil a variety of different moods in his artworks. It seems absurd to say that it is only thorough absence of technique that produces real art. To conclude, the benefits that we can take from the two expressivists is that art requires a definition in order to retain the meaning of what real art is, and that art serves as a medium for communicating emotions. It is true that we feel certain emotions that artwork seem to convey. It is also true that these emotions can be infectious, for example on listening to a particularly upbeat song, we may suddenly feel a sense of happiness. It is also true that emotions consist of many different forms. Happiness stretches from satisfaction to elation and it is perhaps the individuality of feelings that artists experience that contribute to the individuality and quality of artwork. Collingwoods distinction between art and craft is also quite key to the definition of art, as although both may require a certain level of skill, the artist is very much about expressing emotion through his skill while the craftsman is merely making for the sake of making. So on this basis, a combination of the benefits of both expressivist theories seems to provide a valid definition of art. With omitting the defects of both theories, it would seem easy to suggest that if art really is so difficult to define, then maybe it is a subjective concept, and what it is should be left for people to determine for themselves. But that isnt an adequate conclusion, as it makes for difficulty in talking meaningfully about art, or what one considers being good or bad art, as each will have a different idea of what art is. Further, to say that art is something that which cannot be defined is, in itself, defining it in a particularly unsatisfactory way, as it achieves nothing. It is for this reason that a conceptual definition of art is preferable to not having one at all.

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Imagine a poem that explained the mysteries behind life. This poem would use the symbolism of a play in order to give the concept to the reader. A poet by the name of Walter Landor did create a piece of writing like this. Landor's Poem â€Å"Plays† is an insight into the forces controlling human nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Plays† is a poem about control of one self's life. Landor uses words such as â€Å"Counted us out† and â€Å"Allotted us to play† to describe how a higher being might be in ultimate control. Those phrases connect the idea of choice and destiny. Do we have a choice in our roles in life, or are we just controlled by a higher power? This is what the first meaning of the poem is stating. The second meaning is about society and its effect on life when your are judged. Landors words â€Å"And how much narrower is the stage Alloted us to play the sage!† explains how the wise and ones without problems are often looked over and forgotten. A person that is down and is having trouble; however, would be scrutinized and talked about. These opposite situations show how Landor views society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His views on being controlled by a higher being, is a idea I do not personally believe in. I believe my God gives me choices and decisions, but I can relate and understand what Landor is depicting. I personally believe and agree with him on society's attempt to control life though. It seems often, I see or experience judging in my own life. â€Å"Plays† hits the mark on explaining this. His word choices such as â€Å"prompters†, helps to better understand the coercion used in this world of ours. I feel the message of influence from society is the strongest message conveyed in this poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A poem such as â€Å"Plays† is a good example of a attempt to explain life and its mystique. Landor gives a good insight on human nature and life. When I read this poem over and and over, I began to understand what he wanted a reader comprehend.